This theme covers archaeology as defined by the Council of British Archaeology as the study of the material remains and environmental effects of human behaviour.

Evidence can range from buried cities to microscopic organisms and covers all periods from the origins of humans millions of years ago to the remains of 20th and 21st century industry and warfare. It provides the only source of information about many aspects of human development.

Milestones such as the beginning of agriculture, the origin of towns, or the discovery of metals, can only be understood through the examination of physical evidence.

Archaeology also provides essential information for periods of the past for which written records survive. Archaeology links with many subjects, including geography, history, social sciences, mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, art, religion, and technology.